Auto level survey calculation

 

Auto level is leveling device consisting on Instrument level machine ,Staff OR Reading Rod, Tripod or Stand. Auto-Level is Used to find out Elevations in different type of surveying processes.

In leveling process some steps are involved to complete survey which are as follows.

1- Establishment of Physical references like Permanent bench marks and Temporary Bench Marks.

2-Measurement and recording of area information as length measurements of features and distance measurement to locate the positions of different features at ground.

3-Calculations of leveling and making different drawings to produce perfect survey report.

I am submitting formulas for leveling work .

 

Height of Instrument  (H.I) = B.S + RL of Bench Mark  OR RL of any Spot.

        Reduced Level  (R.L)  = H.I - B.S OR I.S OR F.S

 

Back Sight                  = B.S     It is first reading after setting of level .

Inter-sight                    = I.S      The readings between B.S and F.S

Fore-Sight                    = F.S    It is last reading before shifting of level machine.

Suppose we have to find out elevations of Ground Floor using leveling process , First of all find any firm reference (As Concrete floors, Foundations) for establishment of Bench Mark. Firstly assuming the value of bench mark as 100 m , and set the level machine near bench mark to take first reading (B.S) and then start other readings (Inter-Sights) at ground where construction work is proposed. At the end survey will be closed with last reading of Fore-Sight (F.S).  The length of Ground where construction has been proposed is 350 Meters. We will enter all readings in leveling table to calculate the Ground Elevations.

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How to Plaster a wall with Cement

 Cement plastering provides smooth and level surface for White wash, Distemper, Weather Shield, or Painting .

Procedure of plastering is very simple but requires techniques to accomplish this technical job .

There are several procedural steps to be adopted in plastering which are as under.

1- Check Alignment and verticalness of wall and mark the difference if it is greater than 1 1/2 ".

2- Fill the dips with rough plastering cement sand mortar (1:2) and rough the surface with wire brush so that good bonding may be produced with plastering layer.

3- If wall contains mounted parts then should be grinded or removed with cutters because if some portions are mounted up to 1 " it means entire wall will require 1.5 " thick plaster in case we are going to do 1/2" thick plaster and that will not be an economical practice. Thicker plastering layers other than nominal thickness causes extra loads which weakens the bonding of plaster with wall and ultimately reduces life of plastering.

4- All grooving for electric or water supply pipes should be completed before starting of plaster and after fixation of conduits in the wall grooving should be filled with rich cement sand mortars having ratios as (1:1) ,(1:2),(1:3)  and after filling activity let it dry for some days and finally cover it with chicken wire mesh .

5- Use corner beads on the mounted corners of walls to get verticalness and straight edges.

6-Fill the joints between slab and wall tops with filler rods and with suitable sealant  materials so that plaster may be done properly.

7-Check diagonals of every wall and make level points using cement sand mortar (1:2) but this level points should also be vertical and should maintain the required plastering thickness.

8-Use Liquid solution having mix of  cement ,sand, water, and 1/8" crush and apply to make the rough surface for good bonding of plastering.

9-Mix the mortar using mixing machine of by manual mixing with suitable cement sand ratios ,normally 1:4 mix is used for outer plastering and (1:5) is used for internal plastering.

10-Before application of cement plaster wall surface must be showered with water to create moisture which will help morter to dry on the wall .

11-Apply cement sand mortar with trowel and spread it with float while pressing and spreading maintain the required thickness of plaster.

12-Depute Good masons and skilled labors for plastering job ,Good mason can do 150 Sq.Ft  OR 14 Sq.m  in eight hours.

13- Curing of plaster should be done for 14 days after application of plastering because cement gains 90 % strength in 14 days.

 

 

 

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PLASTERING RATES PER m2

 

PART A ) MATERIAL COST 

PART B ) LABOR COST 

We will calculate plastering cost considering material cost and labor cost and will not include other expenses as Cost of working tools ,Labor Accommodations,  Labor transportations, Scaffolding cost Shifting of mortar material in high rise buildings because there are variations which depends on nature of projects with different leads and lifts.

In ideal conditions 1 -Mason and 1 Helpers along with 2  Labor for shifting and mixing of mortar can easily do 14-Sq.m of plastering with complete perfection. After years of experience it has been known that "A" Class  Mason can do 14-Sq.m of plastering in 8 Hours and "B" Class mason can do 9.30 Sq.m  of plastering in 8 Hours.

CALCULATION FOR PLASTERING MATERIALS 

WET VOLUME = AREA OF PLASTERING XTHICKNESS OF PLASTER

DRY VOLUME = WET VOLUME X 1.27 

1.27 IS DRYING FACTOR 

1- QUANTITY OF CEMENT IN BAGS = 

(CEMENT BY PART x  DRY Volume) / (Sum of ratio x Vol of one bag of cement)

2- QUANTITY OF SAND IN Cu.m  = 

(SAND BY PART x  DRY Volume) / (Sum of ratio)

3- QUANTITY OF WATER  IN LITERS  = 

NOS OF CEMENT BAGS x 50 x 2 x14 days of curing=  Liters of water

Daily Material Quantities when "A" Class Masons working
S NO	DESCRIPTION	QUANTITY IN (Sqm)	CEMENT in Bags	Sand in Cu.m	WATER in Liters
1	Cement sand plastering (1:1) 13 mm thick	14	3.226	0.11	4516
2	Cement sand plastering (1:2) 13 mm thick	14	2.151	0.15	3011
3	Cement sand plastering (1:3) 13 mm thick	14	1.613	0.17	2258
4	Cement sand plastering (1:4) 13 mm thick	14	1.290	0.18	1806
5	Cement sand plastering (1:5) 13 mm thick	14	1.075	0.19	1505

Costing of Materials
S NO	Description	Materials	Quantity	Unit Price	Cost of Materials
1	Cement sand plastering (1:1) 13 mm thick	CEMENT in Bags	3.226	620	2000.00
		Sand in Cu.m	0.11	1412.8	159.51
		WATER in Liters	4516	0.15	677.42
		MATERIAL COST			2836.92
2	Cement sand plastering (1:2) 13 mm thick	CEMENT in Bags	2.151	620	1333.33
		Sand in Cu.m	0.15	1412.8	212.68
		WATER in Liters	3011	0.15	451.61
		MATERIAL COST			1997.62
3	Cement sand plastering (1:3) 13 mm thick	CEMENT in Bags	1.613	620	1000.00
		Sand in Cu.m	0.17	1412.8	239.26
		WATER in Liters	2258	0.15	338.71
		MATERIAL COST			1577.97
4	Cement sand plastering (1:4) 13 mm thick	CEMENT in Bags	1.29	620	800.00
		Sand in Cu.m	0.18	1412.8	255.21
		WATER in Liters	1806	0.15	270.97
		MATERIAL COST			1326.18
5	Cement sand plastering (1:5) 13 mm thick	CEMENT in Bags	1.075	620	666.67
		Sand in Cu.m	0.19	1412.8	265.85
		WATER in Liters	1505	0.15	225.81
		MATERIAL COST			1158.32

LABOR COST
S NO	Description	PLASTERING AREA in Sq.m	MASONS@ 1200 Rs/Day	LABORS/HELPERS@ 800Rs/Day	Labor Cost
1	Cement sand plastering (1:1) 13 mm thick	14	1	3	3600
2	Cement sand plastering (1:2) 13 mm thick	14	1	3	3600
3	Cement sand plastering (1:3) 13 mm thick	14	1	3	3600
4	Cement sand plastering (1:4) 13 mm thick	14	1	3	3600
5	Cement sand plastering (1:5) 13 mm thick	14	1	3	3600

FINAL RATE SUMMARY
S NO	Description	1-(Plastering Area) in Sq.m	2-(Labor Cost)	3-(Material Cost)	Rate per Sq.m =(2+3)/1
1	Cement sand plastering (1:1) 13 mm thick	14	3600	2836.92	459.78
2	Cement sand plastering (1:2) 13 mm thick	14	3600	1997.62	399.83
3	Cement sand plastering (1:3) 13 mm thick	14	3600	1577.97	369.86
4	Cement sand plastering (1:4) 13 mm thick	14	3600	1326.18	351.87
5	Cement sand plastering (1:5) 13 mm thick	14	3600	1158.32	339.88
Note :- In above working unit price of materials and labors can be changed according to any location in the world.

PLASTERING RATE PER SQ.FT

 

Cost Control Techniques in Construction

Construction is a major industry spreading rapidly with the increasing population of this world. History shows the rate of gradual increase in prices of Building materials, Skilled Labors, and  Machinery used in construction.

The concept of Supply and demand in Economics helps us to understand fluctuation and raises in the cost of Construction that cannot be  controlled as population is getting increase alarmingly.

What we can do to control the cost of construction is future cost control with present prices, so effectively we can control the cost  of construction adopting the following techniques.

1- Design of construction

Avoid over design and unnecessary use of materials and construction size ,it has been observed that mostly engineers do over designing using extra spaces and materials which causes high and unnecessary costs that is due to the lack of good and precise engineering knowledge.

2- Wastage of Labor and Machinery

It is has been observed that Managers and supervisors cannot manage scheduled usage of labor and machinery which causes low productivity and high unbearable cost burdens in construction.

Avoiding such problems Design feasible planning for labor and machinery usage and control every activity by motivation and routine supervision check and balance.

3- Appointment of skilled Team at Construction Sites

Skilled people do more productivity and precise work and also can control wastages very effectively so appoint people on a merit system.

 

4- Proper Estimation and Execution

Estimate materials and labor expenses properly and execute construction activities according to the limitations of Estimated budgets.

5-Preparation of  Detailed Drawing before Estimation.

Detailed drawing along with detailed specification should be prepared before estimation so that construction cost may be assessed accurately and also size, the number of construction elements may be controlled that will cause control of cost.

6-Maintaining Inventory very soon after Estimation.

As  we know market prices keep uplifting so purchase all material soon after the estimation and also do agreements with Labor contractors and give them time frames.

Follow times lines of project so that labor contractor can manage his teams accordingly avoiding labor and time failures.  

7-Avoid Changing in Design.

Do not change construction design when it is designed in the initial stages because when the design has changed the cost also gets the change.

  

 

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What is Organization in Management

 It is a Business group  where two or more persons work together to accomplish a target or a common purpose.

we can see many organizations around us working for some special goal or purpose as Colleges, Factories, Schools, Government Offices.

 The concept of People, Purpose, Process, and  POLCA is very important to understand the organization.

People who works in an organization

Purpose for which people work together

Process is Set of specific activities specially designed by managers to complete different tasks for the attainment of organizational goals.

In the concept of POLCA Organization Process stands on four supports of management which are as follows.

1- Planning

Planning is shaping the organizational goals and the means for achieving them in allowable Limitations.

2-Organizing

The organizing is deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs, who will work for whom, and tasks in given timelines and standards.

3-Leading

Leading is inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to get organizational goals.

4-Controlling

Controlling is monitoring progress towards goal achievement and taking corrective action to fulfill deficiencies.  

In the modern era, Good managers adopt two styles of controlling.

A- assure themselves to perform these functions well.

B-  Managers are altering the way they execute these functions, thinking of themselves more like mentors, coaches, team leaders, or internal consultants. They work with anyone who can help them complete their goals rather than only following the chain of command.  

They ask others to contribute in making decisions and share information with others to maximize the progress of attaining the goals.

5-Assurance

Assurance is formulation and direction in  the quality assurance programs and policies, and also struggle hard to bring the most excellent in the organization.