Showing posts with label "Building construction". Show all posts
Showing posts with label "Building construction". Show all posts

Thursday, July 1, 2021

Building construction process from start to finish


The building design is a very complex and scientific process due to higher required safety for its residents so following procedures should be kept in mind during the design of buildings, I am submitting an exemplary drawing to narrate every procedure with visible references.

 Need of Building and Architectural Design.

                Residential Building Plan (Fig no.1)

First of all, there should be a need for a building according to user requirements, the user should estimate the number of residents being accommodated in that building.The building should be perfectly designed and planned according to the user's requirements. After deciding on futuristic needs we should draw a detailed Architectural Drawing having plans, Elevations, sectional details, Finishing materials, Levels of floors and roof, Electric and Water supply designs, Door, Window designs, painting details, for building construction and this drawing should be approved by the local government as per standards and practices.
At this stage, many points should be kept in mind which are as follows.

SIZING AND CAPACITY OF BUILDING

The building design is a very complex and scientific process due to higher required safety for its residents so following procedures should be kept in mind during the design of buildings.

Sizing of rooms, Size of Doors & windows, Height of Building, Size of Overhead water tank, Size of the Main gate, Size of sewer pipes, Size of Manholes, Size of Septic tanks, Slope of Ramp in front of the main gate, Size of Porch, Size of Bath Rooms, Size of Store, Location of Stairs, Number of Lights, Fans, Air Conditioning, Number of Ventilators, Height of Parapet wall, Size of Cantilevers, Size of Open to sky s. Size of Kitchen Cabinets, Kitchen Counters and sizing of Kitchen Sinks, Location of Shower, water closets, Floor Traps, Bib cocks, Hand Basins, Toilet Showers, Position of light plugs, Switch Boards, Distribution boards, Size of Electric Cables, Size of Sewer pipes, Etc.

Design of Sub-Structure and Super-Structure.

Design of Sub-Structure.

Building structures should be designed according to the availability of materials from the local market because this is the main reason to control building costs.

The most lower structure generally called foundation or Sub-structure should be designed considering the bearing capacity of Ground-level where the foundation will be placed. Normally it ranges from .5 Ton/Sft to 1.5 Ton/ Sft.

Let's say after testing we availed Bearing Capacity 1Ton/Sft and now we have to design our foundation structure considering BC of 1 Ton/Sft.

Take the biggest square panel slab from a given plan that is Drawing room whose size is (14'x14') where wall thickness is 9" having a good class of bricks, now we will add one wall thickness in size of slab panel and our effective span will be 14.75'x14.75'

Now we have to do some simple calculations

Roughly Thickness of slab for two-way slab panel = Effective Span/35 =14.75x12x1/35= 5" so slab thickness will be 5 " for the entire slab.

Now the width of foundation = (Weight of Structure) /(Wall Perimeter x Bearing Capacity)

Now we have only the value of bearing capacity which is 1 Ton/Sft

Weight of structure = Weight  of Walls + Weight of slabs +Weight of Foundation+ Imposed loads (Live Loads + Dead Loads)+ Load of Finishing

Weight of Walls = Perimeter of all walls x Height of walls x Thickness of walls x Density of Brickwork

Note:- Brickwork density = 120 Lbs/Cft

But in case of solid block, walls density will be 140 Lbs/ Cft

Perimeter of Walls = 50.75+50.75+30.75+30.75+30.75+30.75+4.75+10+4.75+11.75+14.75+10+5.75

=286.25 Rft  (Dimensions are calculated from given plan)

Weight of load bearing walls = (286.25x12x.75x120)     =309150 Pounds

Weight of Load-bearing walls in Tons =309150/2240 = 138.01 Tons

Weight of Slabs =Length x Width x Thickness of slab x Density of RCC

Dimensions as per Fig no.1 = 50'x30'x5/12'x150 Lbs/Cft=93750 Lbs/2240= 41.85 Tons

Imposed loads (Live Loads + Dead Loads) =40 Lbs /Sft

Total Imposed Load = 50x30x40 PSF=    60000 LBS=60000/2240=26.78 Tons

Load of Finishing= Weight of plaster +Weight of Roof Waterproofing

Weight of Plaster =2 Times of perimeter of walls x Height x Thickness x Density

=2x286.25'x12x.06x50 Lbs/ Cft=20610 Pounds/2240=9.20 Tons

Weight of Roof Water Proofing=50x30x 50 Psf=75000 Lbs/2240= 33.48 Tons

NOW putting values in following Formula as also mentioned above

Weight of structure = Weight  of Walls + Weight of slabs +Weight of Foundation+ Imposed loads (Live Loads + Dead Loads)+ Load of Finishing

=(138.01 Tons+41.85 Tons+ 26.78 Tons+9.20 Tons+33.48 Tons) x 1.25 times= 311.65 Tons Say 312 Tons

Note 25 % of total structure weight added for the weight of foundations

Factored Load = 312 Tonx 1.5 Times = 468 Tons

Now width of foundation = (Weight of Structure) /(Perimeter x Bearing Capacity)

To calculate width of foundation putt values in the above formula

=468 /(286.25 x 1 )= 1.69 ft

We have stepped footing in foundation so we can use 22.5" wide stepped layer in Brick Work then 18 "then 13.5" wide and then 9" Bedding Concrete of 30" wide may be laid under the brickwork.



1-We will use section (b) for load-bearing walls as shown in the above figure adopting B= 30 inches c=3.75"

2-PCC (1:3:6)        The thickness of step 1- as shown "B" = 30" and thickness "d"= 4" 

3-Brick Work (1:5)  Width =22.5"  Depth= 6"

4- Brick Work (1:5)  Width =18"  Depth= 6"

5- Brick Work (1:5)  Width =13.5"  Depth= 6"

6- Brick Work (1:5)  Width =9"  Depth= Up to Roof slab bottom

7 -Depth of Excavation = 22"

Section (a) named as simple footing will be used for boundary wall having 9" thickness.

Concluding the above calculations I will narrate the foundation in the wording of specifications as follows

1- Excavation in all types of soils except rock and including lead of 50 ft and lift of 4 ft for surplus soil, Average Size of excavation trench will be (30"x22") complete in all aspects.

2-Provide and Lay Pcc (1:3:6) 4" Thickness using Good class of cement, sand and crush completely in all aspects.

3-Brick Work (1:5) Using Good class of Bricks and cement sand mortar

4-DPC (9" wide and 2" deep ) will be provided on FFL Using a (1:2:4) ratio having three coats of hot bitumen and 2 layers of polythene sheet

Trenches will be filled with surplus soil and will be compacted up to 100 % modified proctor test and the lower area under flooring will be filled with sandy soils and will be compacted layer by layer up to 100 % Modified Proctor value.

 

Design of Super-Structure.

Super-structure mainly includes load-bearing walls, Slabs, Lintel and beams, Overhead Water tank, and Columns.

Design justification of 9" thick walls is very simple here as the wall bears 50% of brick strength and the brick strength for good bricks has been the standard compressive value of 1800 PSI, It means we will use 900 PSI for or brick walls.

The top area of all walls = Perimeter of walls x Width of walls

                                     = 286.25 x.75 x144= 30915 Sq.Inch

The load-bearing capacity of walls = 30915 Sq.Inchx900=27823500 Pounds /2240 =12421 Ton x .33=4099 Ton (This is the overall bearable loading value of load-bearing walls whereas our total load is 468 Ton which is only 11.41 % of the total bearable load. 

Design of RCC Slab (1:2:4) 5"  thick

Roughly Thickness of slab for two-way slab panel = Effective Span/35 =14.75x12x1/35= 5" so slab thickness will be 5 " for the entire slab.

Now we will formulate the following equation to find out the thickness of the slab and required Steel spacing for the slab.

Moment of Resistance= K.b.d1.d1

Where K is factor value in Elastic Theory Design method

b= is taken as 12 " which is constant for all slabs when adopting Foot Pound System.

d1= Effective Depth

As we know that MR (Moment of resistance) = Bending Moment

So Bending Moment of square slabs  = wxlxlx12x1/16  --------------EQ.no A

w= 130 PSF for residential buildings

l=14.75 ft as effective span

so putting values in EQ.no A

Bending Moment= 130X14.75^2X12X1/16= 21212 lbs-in

Comparing  MR (moment of resistance) = Bending Moment

K.b.d1.d1=21212 lbs-in

184X12Xd1^2=21212 lbs-in

d1= 3.04 inches  say 3.5 " adding 2 concrete covers of 0.75"+0.75"=5"

so overall depth of slab is 5"

Now we will calculate the area of steel

As= B.M/Fst .la --------------Eq .no. B

La=.857d1

Fst =20000

Putting values in Eq .no. B

As=21212 lbs-in/20,000x0.857x3.5" = 0.353 Sq.in of steel is needed in each foot of slab.

Spacing of bars using 1/2" dia bars =Area of 1/2" dia bar x 12 x1/As=

0.196 12 x1/0.353= 6.66 say1/2" dia bars @ 6.5 Inch Center /Center will be used  in both ways of 5" thick slab having ratio of (1:2:4)Concrete.

use 50 % of As in negative reinforcement so the area of negative reinforcement =

.50x0.353=0.1765 Sq.in

Using 3/8" dia bars ,spacing =0.11x12/.1765= 7.47 "

According to British RCC code spacing should not be more than 1.75 times of Effective depth (d1) of slab =so 3.5"x1.76= 6.125 say Use 3/8" dia bars @ 6 inch and place holding bars % 12-inch center /center.

Note:- Other slabs will be calculated with the same methodology or maybe roughly calculated comparing other spans with the Larger span which is designed as above.

British Engineering design contains Load Factor and Elastic Theory Method which contains Factor of the safety of 3 Times.

 Construction Procedure with all activities. 

1- Leveling of Ground Using Tractor with Blade.

2-Layout of Building.

3-Excavation in form of trenches.

4-Compaction  in trenches.

5-Provide and Lay PCC (1:3:6) in the trench using mixing machine and labor.

6-Provide and Lay Brick Work(1:5) using Good Materials and Labor.

7-Vertical DPC from Foundation Concrete to Finish Floor levels

8-Back filling of trenches, Area under flooring, and 100 % modified proctor compaction in layers not exceeding more than 6" thickness.

9-Provide and Lay Horizontal DPC on all walls at Finish Floor Levels.

10-Provide and lay PCC sub base for flooring except for washrooms and kitchens.

11-Provide and Lay Brickwork and Lintels in Super Structure.

12-Scaffolding and shuttering of Slab.

13-Steel fixing in slabs and beams.

14-Supply and Fixing of Electric conduits in Roof slab.

15-Pouring of Rcc (1:2:4) Slab 5" thick.

16-Removal of shuttering after curing time normally after 14 days because concrete reaches up to 90 % of its strength and can support its own weight very easily but slab should not be loaded within 28 days from pouring time.

17- Provide and Lay Brick Work of Parapet wall

18-Supply and Fixing of Electric Conduits and Boxes in walls including grooving and placing of pipes in walls and finally filling of grooves with Mortar.

19- Supply and Fixing of water Supply in walls including grooving and placing of pipes in walls and finally filling of grooves with Mortar.

20-Provide and Lay sewerage pipes at the inner and outer side of the building along with the construction of Manholes and galley traps, and connection with main sewer line complete in all aspects. The sewer line will include P-traps, Floor Traps, bends, elbows, Unions, sockets as per requirements.

21-Plastering of walls including fixing of Door and Window Frames.

22-Construction of Boundary wall including Fixing of the main gate with concrete Pillars complete in all aspects.

23-Construction of Flooring including fixing of tiles on floors and fixing of tiles on bath room's walls up to door heights.

24-Supply and Fixing of Wooden cabinets, Doors, Windows (Aluminum made), Stair Railings Etc.

25-Fixing of Bath Accessory Set including Wc,s  , Wash Hand Basins or Vanities along with fixing of marble slabs, Showers, and Bib Cocks.

26-Painting of Doors, Grills, and railing.

27-Provide and lay roof waterproofing along with the construction of overhead water tanks and fixing of rainwater drain pipes.

28-Distemper at inner walls and Weather shield at the outer side of walls with three coats complete in all aspects.

29-Fixing of Electric Accessories including Lights,Fans, Ac,s ,  Distribution boards, Earthling systems, Main doorbell, Smoke detectors, Exhaust Fans, Complete in all aspects.

30-Construction of Ramp for car porch in front of Main Gate.

31- False Ceiling in Rooms

32-Construction of Floor beds including concrete work, Brick Work, Plastering and Supply, and laying of sweet soil for plantation.

Possibilities of Construction Activities Quantities done by Manpower and Machines.



One Tractor can Level 100 ft x 100 ft area with maximum volume of soil per day 5000 Cubic. Feet.

Hourly Fueling may be calculated with following formulas

Maximum Hourly Fuel Consumption = Horse Power of Machine x 0.12=Liters

Minimum Hourly Fuel Consumption = Horse Power of Machine x 0.10=Liters


 

Surveyor is Professional who is responsible for LayOut and Leveling process in Construction Industries. Machines and tools used in Surveying are Leveling Instruments, Theodolite, Total Station, Measuring Tapes, Etc.

In building Construction One Surveyor Along with helper can easily Control process of Layouts and Leveling in area of 15000 Sft /Day.



                Shuttering for Pcc under the stepped footing of building 

One carpenter and Helper can do Shuttering to prepare the area of 150 Sft.

2 Masons along with 15 Labors can do  1000 Cft.


                        For the construction of RCC slabs thickness from 5" to 7" 


One Carpenter and two labors can do 80 Sft of Shuttering in One day

One Steel Fixing and one helper can do 500 Kgs of steel in 8 hours.

3 Masons along with 18 Labors can do  800 Cft .in 8 hours using a mixing machine, Tower Lift in construction of slabs for single storied buildings.

     


                                   Brick Work using cement-sand mortars.     

One Mason and 2 Helpers Can complete 70 Cft of brickwork in 8 hours, And Half day of 1 Carpenter and 1 Helper will be consumed to make formwork.



                                                            Cement Plaster.

One Mason Along with 2 Labors Can complete 130 Sft of plaster And Half day of 1 Carpenter and 1 Helper will be consumed to make formwork.


                                                       Tile Floors 

One Mason and 2 Labors can complete Fixing of tiles for the area of 100 Sft in 8 hours.


                                                             Distemper

One Painter and 2 Labors can complete an Area of 450 Sft in 8 Hours With the Application of 3 coats.


                                                        Weather Shield

One Painter and 2 Labors can complete an Area of 400 Sft in 8 Hours With the Application of 3 coats.

Formwork workers will be provided as per the height of the structure.



                            Wall Grooving and Water Supply pipes 

2 Plumber and 2 Helpers can do grooving and water supply piping for 1 Wash Room /Day


                                                    Bath Accessories    

2 Plumber and 2 Helpers can Complete 1 wash Room in 4 Days including all accessories of washroom.


                                        Electric works in Domestic buildings 

             1 Electrician and 1 Helper can complete 20 Sft (Covered Area) in 8 Hours


                                  Woodworks in Domestic buildings 

1 carpenter and 1 helper can complete 7 Sft in 8 Hours.

Above working can be considered for the construction of residential buildings in ideal circumstances as these are experienced observations and practicable having small resources.






































































































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